Wednesday, July 31, 2019

‘Blessing’ with ‘Island Man’ Essay

Compare ‘Blessing’ with ‘Island Man’ showing how the poets use description to convey the thoughts and feelings of the characters in the poems. ‘Blessing’ and ‘Island Man’ are two very different poems. The theme of ‘Blessing’ revolves around people in a third-world country, who get very little water given to them. A blessing in their eyes occurs when a pipe bursts. ‘Island Man’, however, is about a man from the Caribbean who is now in London, but dreams he was still living in his homeland, even though he wakes up back in London. While the poem’s themes are dissimilar, the poems are both very descriptive, and the poets use description to help us empathise further with their characters. The structure of the poem ‘Blessing’ is quite irregular. The first stanza is a mere two lines: it sets the scene. The next two stanzas increase in length before becoming smaller again at the last stanza. This helps us to picture how, in the beginning, there are only a few drops of water available however when the pipe bursts in the third stanza, the verse size increases along with how much water there is. Also, in the third stanza, commas are omitted in the line ‘every man woman child’ to show the urgency of everyone in the village, who seize this opportunity to grab water. Imtiaz Dharker does use commas however when describing the different materials that the pots are made of. This makes it seem as if, even though Dharker only describes five vessels, there are a multitude of pots and buckets being used. Throughout the third stanza, the lines are free-flowing, and run into each other like the water which is being described. ‘Island Man’s structure is also a fairly irregular one. Lines such as ‘groggily groggily’ and ‘to surge of wheels’ are placed away from the main poem; this gives a sense of confusion, like the man who has just woken up and is still not quite sure where he is. To add to this effect, the lengths of lines in each stanza vary and this gives a muddled or sleepy feel to the poem. The last line ‘Another London day’ is on its own to show that the man has finally come out of the dream, and he is jolted back into reality. Another short line appears at very beginning of the poem. The one-word, staccato sentence shows how the island man has suddenly woken up. ‘Blessing’ uses very descriptive language to convey how the characters are feeling or thinking. Throughout the poem, there are subtle references to church or religion. Using words such as ‘congregation’ or ‘a kindly god’ make the reader feel as if the water is a gift from God. This is amplified by the fact that the poem is called ‘Blessing’, which is a spiritual word and often associated with God and religion. There are more implications that the water is a gift from God, such as when the poem says ‘the flow has found’. This shows that the water finds the people, instead of it being vice versa – it sounds miraculous, because the people didn’t choose for all this water to come at once but it was greatly longed for. Dharker also conveys how important the water is to them by describing it as ‘silver’ instead of just water, and ‘sudden rush of fortune’ to show that in their country, water is extremely rare and never taken for granted. Words with negative connotations for us such as ‘screaming’ and ‘roar’ are turned around in this poem and used to a positive effect. In the last stanza, the phrase ‘flashing light’ could show how water is such a light to these people’s lives and a novelty to them, on the other hand it could also show that the flow of water is slowing down now, and it is only in spurts or flashes but still looks like light. ‘Island Man’ also contains very powerful language. In the first stanza alone there are many interesting word choices. The word ‘wombing’ conveys how comforting and secure the Caribbean seems to the man. It is linked to him feeling safer at his place of birth rather than a bustling city like London. Colour is used several times in the first stanza as well: ‘blue’ for surf, ’emerald’ for the island vegetation and ‘grey’ for the traffic of London. This gives a very strong image in the reader’s mind. ‘Wild seabirds’ is a very natural image which gives a strong contrast with other descriptions such as ‘dull North Circular’ – it shows how artificial London is in comparison to the Caribbean. Some ambiguous words have been chosen too, such as ‘soar’ and ‘roar’. These are ambiguous because they could easily apply to the Caribbean sea, or the London traffic. Various poetic techniques are put to good use in ‘Blessing’. The first one that becomes apparent is the use of end stopped lines. These keep the sentence to the point and fairly literal, which is important when they are used to set the scene, as seen in the first stanza of ‘Blessing’. Imagery is frequently used too, such as ‘liquid sun’ and this adds to the feeling of heat in the poem, helping us to realise how important the water is to the characters. Onomatopoeia is used in the line ‘drip of it, the small splash’ and this is used to give a clearer picture of what is happening in the poem. Another technique used is alliteration. One example of this is the phrase ‘polished to perfection’ which helps the reader to picture the scene. Also, ambiguity features in ‘Blessing’ in the phrases ‘highlights’. While we would tend to think that highlights refers to your hair, in this country the children ar e not as superficial as we are. The highlights probably refers to their skin being changed colour by the reflecting sun and water. This inconclusive word gives a sense of mystery to the last stanza, and it makes it seem like a cliff-hanger ending. ‘Island Man’ shares some of ‘Blessing’s poetic techniques such as the use of metaphors, in ‘pillow waves’. This shows how island man’s dreams of sea comfort him in his sleep. Virtually no punctuation is used in ‘Island Man’ to show how relaxed the personality of the man is, however a capital letter is used to mark a turning point in the poem. It is used in ‘Comes back to sands’ to show that now, the island man is back in London physically and mentally. Grace Nichols relies on sound to make an effective contrast: she makes a clear difference between the breaking of the surf and the roar of the traffic. In conclusion, while these two poems are basically about two very different things, they share many descriptive techniques. I definitely enjoyed both of the poems, but ‘Island Man’ is the one I prefer. I find it quite easy to relate to because I’ve had many dreams I haven’t wanted to wake up from, and even though I live in a city, the huge amounts of traffic is sometimes daunting to me, as it is to the island man. I found ‘Blessing’ harder to relate to, as a lack of water isn’t something we generally experience in this country. However, the poem makes you want to not take things for granted which I think is a moving sentiment.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

A Walk in My Shoes Essay

My name is Jr. I hope you enjoy reading as I take you on a journey and a walk in my shoes. Join me as I walk you through my adolescent years up to adult hood. After reading you will be able to see how I developed socioemotionally and became who I am today and why I am the way I am. I will share some of my favorite memories along with some not so fond memories, which changed who I would become as a Father. I was born and raised on the south side of San Antonio, Texas. I am fourth generation Texan, The Sanchez family settled in Eagle Pass, Texas dating back to before Texas became a Republic in 1836. The south side of San Antonio is predominantly Hispanic. Plus I went to a predominantly all Hispanic Catholic School, mainly due to location. Growing up I had little to no interaction with any other races. I feel this gave my classmates and I a feeling of belonging. As I have learned since we all shared the same race, culture, and religion this also helps young people with identity formation. We not only embraced our Mexican heritage we also embraced our Texan heritage. I grew up learning both Spanish and English. Studies show that youths with a positive ethnic identity who also embrace the American culture have more positive outcomes (Umana-Taylor, 2006). My Family growing up was very close. It seemed we always had aunts and uncles living with us at some point in time. I did not mind as I was always looked after and they were excellent role models and provided emotional stability. I am the oldest of four and we are spaced about 4 years apart. My baby sister, the youngest of my siblings came to us when I was about 15. My Father was very strict growing up. It was the typical wait until your dad gets home of scenario. He was a hard working man, and a great provider to his family. He worked two jobs for over twenty years. He put me and my sister and brother through Catholic private school. My father barely graduated high school and was very proud to have graduated. He wore his High school graduation ring until the day he died. If this does not tell you why he sacrificed working two jobs for twenty years I will tell you. There was nothing more important in my dads eyes than going to school and getting a good education. He did not want his kids to have to work as hard as he had to, he wanted a better life for us. Where would I be without my mother. My mother is truly an amazing woman. I know everyone must think their mom is pretty great; unless you can tell me that your mom can go from working a 8-12 hour day, come home feed the kids, help with homework and finish laundry all in one night, than I would say you have a great mom. What sets my mom apart from other moms is she can Cook, garden, fix you’re a/c unit, retile your floor, install your carpet, change out your oil, alternator, pumps, fix your toilet, you name it my mom can do it. So how about that for some motivation, drive, will to do better. When I say I learned my hard work dedication and will to always strive to be the best from my parents, you can see, I truly mean it. My Father was a great provider and like I mentioned before he wanted the best for his kids. I remember him helping me learn to ride a bike, swim, drive a car and even ride a motorcycle. Which are all key points in a child’s life. My mother also worked very hard and late hours. I was cared for by my grandmother whom I grew very attached to. I know it’s not nice to say but I don’t think it was a big secret, I was her favorite. Going to private school definitely positively impacted my life. It is there I would like to say I met my second family. I went to the same school with practically the same students, teachers, nuns and priests from pre-k to 8th grade. It is there I felt safe, I never had to worry about drugs, fights or any negative influences. I played a few sports growing up, like soccer, baseball, volleyball, and most importantly basketball. I also became an alter boy for about 4 years. The church taught me moral character and to love everyone as we are all children of God. My parents were very lively and loved spending time with each other. They seldom ever left us out, we went right along wit them. So this meant if they were going to a dance, so were we. I loved watching my parents dance. We went to many weddings, quinceaneras, and school dances. Another favorite pass time was going to the lake, or the beach, amusement and water parks. I have a lot of fond memories of growing up with my grandmother. I use to love going to her house in the summers, because that meant great cooking, anything we wanted of course and playing with my cousins. My grandmother did not have a very big yard but it was amazing the things we would come up with playing outside. I mentioned before I played basketball. Well I grew up the shortest in class every year but what I lacked in height I made up for in speed. My dad encouraged me like no other, he taught me not to let the bigger kids beat me, he would always say, do not let them eat your sandwich. I never really understood that until I got older. I think what he meant was if you let people take what is yours you will go hungry. This inspired me some how and I collected a lot of sandwiches, because I was feared on the court, fear I would steal the basketball. I continued to play basketball until my 8th grade year. Our team won City champs two years in a row, plus one first place in every tournament for three years. Talk about building up self esteem. Another memory that sticks out in my head is the day I had enough guts to get up and learn how to dance. My mom taught me well. I enjoyed dancing so much I learned how to swing dance, lindy hop, country dance and tejano dance. My dad bought me my first car, it was a 1972 Volkswagen beetle. It was not in the best of shape but little by little my dad helped me fix it right up. All said and done it had a midnight blue metallic clear coated finished paint job with centerline rims, Pirelli tires and smoke black tented windows. I bought my first Harley Davidson when I was about 25 years old. My father always had a motorcycle until I was about the age of 15. I would say about 1 month after I bought mine, he went and bought himself one. For the first time, in a long time he was back on a bike and we were riding together. As a teenager I was pretty active. We moved from the south side of San Antonio to the outskirts of the southeast side of town. This was about the time I graduated from 8th grade. My life was about to change as I knew it. See, up to this point I only knew and interacted with Hispanics. The High school in my district in our new neighbor hood was well versed and predominately white. It is here I would truly feel and learn what assimilation was. There was a mix of races, homosexuality and people of different religious back ground. I did not fully grasp the concept of racism, to me everyone was equal. This was a very tough adjustment for me, especially since I gravitated to the basketball players, which I had always fit in with. I could not fit in with the basketball players they were much to tall, and a lot better skilled than I was. I did however end up getting picked up for the football team, but stopped playing after my sophomore year. I turned my focus to soccer. By the end of my junior year my dad had his first heart attack and I no longer wanted to play sports. I started working to help pay for things that my parents could no longer support me with. I kept some money and gave some to my parents. Without sports I quickly started falling into the wrong crowd. It was not long until I figured out I was headed on the wrong path and with some guidance from my cousins I snapped back into reality. I enjoyed going to clubs and dancing with girls, showing them all the fancy moves my parents had shown me. I can remember dancing until 2 a. m sometimes. This was not a popular decision with my parents of course. In my lifetime I have held many jobs. My first job was with a pharmacy drug store called Eckards. This introduced me to the cruel world of dishonest people. I eventually had to quit this job as I was accused of taking money from the register. I did not take any money from the register but on camera it looked like I took money from the guy that was over paid and whom owed me money, he took the change from a mystery shopper gave me what he owed me and stuck the rest in his pocket. I was very trusting and naive, I never did question what was going on. So I hit the streets, pizza hut delivery that is. I did that for a few weeks but very quickly was introduced to more than what I care to share about from transvestites to abuse. I did not do that job very long. I went to work for West Telemarketing where I found a comfortable, professional, and challenging job as an AT&T representative. I am not going to lie to you this job was boring but I was really good at it, and made a lot of money as a senior in high school. After High school I partied a lot with friends and tried going to a local community college. I also tried to move out of a perfectly good home that I had with my parents. My mother cried for a long time the day I told her I wanted to move out. As it turns out, my mom was right this was not a very good idea and I probably would have done better in community college had I listened to her. I found what I thought was going to be my future in working for Pace Foods. I quickly moved up from learning how to run every machine in the place to being selected as a on the job trained mechanic in about one year. This job found me. I did not choose it. I will never forget my Tio Polo cornering me one afternoon at his house after a night of drinking. He shot it to me strait and gave me the best advise of my life, God Bless His Soul. I joined the Coast Guard at age 20. In the Coast Guard I have had many jobs. I have been a deck hand, a painter, and even a boat rescue swimmer. I really got my calling as I chose to be a corpsman in the Coast Guard. I have done everything from pharmacy, lab tech, x-ray tech, and a physical therapy technician. As I matured in my job I was trained in tactical field medicine and a swat team member. After that I was appointed as a Clinic supervisor. Currently I am running my own clinic as I am the only medical provider for over 60 people. In the Future I would like to make E-7 a rank not easily attained. I would like to finish my degree and retire in San Antonio. I have two kids an ex-wife and the woman of my dreams my wife. My second marriage has worked so well partly because we come from similar religious back grounds and we both believe in making things work. I can honestly say we don’t always see eye to eye, but our Love for each other pushes us past any short falls. I have a son from a previous marriage and she has a daughter from a previous marriage. We currently do not have one together. I hope to instill hardworking ethics and strong leadership to my children. Throughout my life I learned some of the most important things. There are many different walk of people in this world and everyone conforms to whom they were brought up to be. Individually it is our job to note all our differences, along with each persons strengths and weaknesses. I tend to follow my parents footsteps in working hard for what I have and raising my kids with strong moral and respective manners. I hope they grow up to have the respect that I have for my elders. The purpose of such rites is to show society that it has a new adult and to impress on the former youth that he or she is now an adult and expected to act as such. Social scientists like Kottak (2008) believe that rites of passage create new adult identities and allow elders to be looked at as sources of wisdom and role modeling for adult thinking and behavior.

Monday, July 29, 2019

KIA SORENTO OR DOGE JOURNEY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

KIA SORENTO OR DOGE JOURNEY - Research Paper Example The other choice is a similar engine that is installed in the Journey: a 3.5 liter V6 integrated with a six-speed automatic transmission and delivers about 276 horsepower. Hence in terms of engine and transmission, Journey is slightly better than Sorento 2011. Dodge Journey is less noisy on the road when compared to Kia Sorento. Both the cars have lots of features that make them easy and comfortable to drive. Keyless open and start system, Bluetooth connections for communication during driving, USB audio jack and sound systems are present in both the cars. Journey 2011 has an 8.4 inch touch screen for radio and audio control in many of its models. Sorento 2011 on the other hand offers a voice activated navigation system and a backup camera in the rear of the car for a better view of the road. Sorento comes at a very economic price for all the features and comforts it can boast of. Kia has a better mileage with respect to fuel consumption when compared to Journey. It runs 21-29 miles per gallon as compared to about 16-26 mpg of Dodge Journey. It also has plenty of safety features like antilock disc brakes, active front head restraints, stability control, front seat side airbags and an special internal system that enhances the traction on icy and inclined roads.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Globalization of crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization of crime - Essay Example This has seen globalized crime networks grow to a proportion where they now account for about 15 percent of the Global GDP (Glenny 2009). Glenny (2009), further points out that since the fall of the Berlin wall and the end of the communism, organized crime has quickly spread from the Eastern European countries and has become more diversified as it went global and eventually reached macro-economic proportions. The globalization of crime has resulted in the development of an intricate system of trade in a number of illicit rood where goods sourced from a market in a given continent are easily trafficked through another continent before they are eventually marketed in a third continent. The seriousness of the threat that is being posed by the globalization of crime has seen the UN Security council being forced to critically consider its overall implications in countries such as the Republic of Congo, Afghanistan and Somalia where it is severely threatening the stability of these countries. A recent report by the UN Security Council, points out that globalized crime has used a number of different avenues so as to achieve its relatively unprecedented success. Some of these criminal problems include human trafficking, counterfeit goods trafficking, cybercrime, maritime piracy, environmental resource trafficking, drugs trafficking as well as firearms trafficking. Human Trafficking: Trafficking in persons is now considered to be a truly global phenomenon with recent data reported by the UNODC indicating that the human traffickers now manage this trade in such a manner that it has now grown to now include victims drawn from about 127 countries spread out across 137 different countries. Two thirds of these victims are usually women with an estimated 79 percent of them being subjected to sexual exploitation. Most of the sexual

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Define Learning From the Perspective of Consumer Behaviour Theory Essay

Define Learning From the Perspective of Consumer Behaviour Theory - Essay Example The proponents of this theory do not focus on the learning process but on the response of individuals to external stimuli.) this theory is also referred to as the stimulus response or vicarious theory. The classical and operant conditioning approaches try to explain this theory. According to classical conditioning, the stimulus is responsible for the response observed while for instrumental conditioning, the converse is true. When the classical conditioning is applied to consumer theory, the product brand triggers a response from the consumers that is desirable and enforces the desire to buy. This theory tries to achieve a particular response from unrelated stimuli, thus forming the basis of branding. The operant conditioning asserts that individuals will always act with reward in mind and avoid stimuli that result in punishment. This means that every behavior with pleasant results has a very high change to be repeated. Cognitive theory This theory explains learning based on the info rmation gathered and mentally processed in response to an actual problem. Even though there is no universally agreed theory on learning, the process is clear: learning happens, either intentionally or accidentally. For intentional acquisition of knowledge, the individual must have clearly sought the information through objective research. However, accidental learning just happens to find the individual. This is where advertising is most efficient in achieving (Evans, Jamal, & Foxall, 2006). The marketer is always interested in how the buyers learn as this information gives them an advantage in how they handle them. They always want to influence customer behaviour and this stems from the ability to teach the buyer their responsibility as consumers, the product of choice and its attributes. This is made effective through marketing and advertising (Lantos, 2010). The product of National museums of Australia is information. Its role is clearly defined and serves to inform the public on the Australian heritage and culture (National Museum of Australia, 2003-2010a). The first marketing communication strategy employed is that of accelerated information. The brand utilises its website as its online tool for advertising its activities and products. Its main product is information where it sells the Australian history and lifestyle. This is conducted through seminars, exhibitions and publications. The use of images of traditional Australians is an application of behavioural theory learning where the images invoke a conditioning of ‘our heritage’. Art galleries and buildings of national relevance derive the same effect. The individual is drawn to the article by the image and can open the article to acquire the information on the artifact or the classic architectures. The brand has journals, periodicals and e-news releases to ensure their position is maintained to be the first to point the consumer to the right direction. The brand shapes the perception of th e consumer on what forms part of the Australian culture and where they should visit (National Museum of Australia, 2003-2010a). Market target and segmentation is the other tool observed on the website. The aspect on segmentation is shown in this site that segments article to suite different markets. The brand is enhanced by

Friday, July 26, 2019

Lack of communication between students and academic advisors Essay

Lack of communication between students and academic advisors - Essay Example First, students are not assigned to ‘individual advisors’; in other words, they keep on changing advisors as the course of their study progresses; hence, the problem crops up as a result of inconsistent communication. For sure, there are differences in advising strategies from one advisor to another so once a student is not being assigned to his or her individual advisor throughout the entire duration of the study, it only blurs the approaches that students will have to implement in their studies. Second is record keeping: the downside of having to be assigned to various teachers is the lack of constant communication and the disarray of record-keeping. As aforementioned, each advisor has varying counseling and advising strategies; and this only cause nothing but potential confusion on the part of the student. Because they are not assigned to a single advisor, chances are they are not going to develop a singular approach towards their study or research. And that is aside from the fact that they do not get to meet their advisor on a permanent basis. Lastly, the issues on policies whether to employ individual advising or one on one advising or not only exacerbate the situation: academic institutions should be able to address this concern once and for all. Lack of communication between students and advisors is a result of inconsistency of meetings between students and advisors. If we can get the students assigned to a single advisor throughout the entire duration of their study, then there is a greater chance that they will be able to complete their degrees; but again, the decision entirely depends on the policies of the schools. The above argument proves that each student should be given a separate student and not a horde of people who just care to get done with their work without much caring about the probable outcomes of their research. Coming to our main issue, dealing with the biased attitude towards students that are not assigned to individual ad visors. Coming to other questions which state that since this is such a small proportion of people so why such big enforcements are needed? The answer is that they are citizens too and thence it is their right to have everything that is destined for them. Though, this is agreed that there are laws for the disabled but how many people respect them? And how many universities; both private and state universities, follow the instructions laid down by the ADA act? So the duty falls upon the fellow students to minimize their biases and help push the implementation of policies that encourage assignment to individual advisors. Contentions on Policy Changes One particular reason as to why assigning students to individual advisors cannot be carried out is that the student to teacher ratio suggests it cannot be done. Well, that is if the intention is to assign one student per advisor and that is it. However, assignment of students to individual advisors should not be defined by claiming the en tire exclusivity of the advisor for the students advising needs for the entire duration of the study. The point is that students needs to have â€Å"

Compare and contrast the theories of Karl Marx (the class motive) and Essay

Compare and contrast the theories of Karl Marx (the class motive) and John Stuart Mill (the happiness motive) with reference to the issue of oppression in moder - Essay Example hasized in both Marx, and Mill, but whereas Marx sees the political motives of the individual to be class-based rejection of capitalism, Mills sees the happiness of the individual as more important than political or social oppression. Each of these theorists have contributed towards twentieth century political influence, with both socialists and libertarians using these works as cornerstones of activism and individual beliefs. Marx’s supporters tend to believe in community support, with individual needs oppressed in favor of the society; Mill’s theories are concerned with the right of pursuit of individual happiness, against the demands of a society for conformity and participation in accepted beliefs. Marx’s theory of the individual was heavily influenced by the work of Hegel, who was influential in turning the concentration of philosophers from institutions to the individual. Hegel saw society as the individual having subjective encounters â€Å" With the Material World† (Schleuning, webpage). While Hegel sees the material world as essential to developing the individual; property and ownership are crucial. ‘Ownership’ in this sense is not purchasing, but creation of material through work: creative self-expression. Marx sees the individual worker being divided from his former ownership of the items which he makes, affecting his consciousness (Ritts, 153). â€Å"The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production† (Marx, page 191). This is the ‘tyranny of the minority’, or the smaller bourgeois class, over the much larger, working-class majority. Ritts sees this as Social Darwinism, with the fitness not suitability for survival, but personal fortune (Ritts, 153) The individual worker’s life inside an industrial society is, according to Marx, very precarious, and this is one of the causes of conflict between the individual and the bourgeois owners. Marx’s

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Linux distributions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Linux distributions - Essay Example This not only takes enormous amount of expenditure as well as valuable human resources. Therefore, most companies opt for outsourcing and take benefit of readymade software packages. Linux based open source software packages as well as proprietary software are available to choose to suit the requirement. Each of them has their own merits and demerits, which should be analytically weighed before making a decision. Free software are either free of cost or their source codes are available in public domain. As far as an enterprise is concerned it has to train their employees as well as to get constant support from the software vendor. A good IT infrastructure always ensures high return over investments made in it. So the large companies do not care much about the cost involved rather consider its flexibility, reliability and a reliable support system. In this project we will be discussing about desktop and server edition of three LINUX based implementations, Red Hat, Ubuntu & Novell and the standard Windows based systems. Conclusively, we will attempt to recommend a certain package on the basis of the outcome of such discussion. While purchasing software for an enterprise operation, the preliminary aim is to assist its employees to automate and enhance the operations of the organisation with least chance for errors. In order to achieve the said goal, imparting adequate training to its employees or to hire trained professionals to apply the system for the optimum benefit of the organisation becomes inevitable. With a view to select appropriate software to suit the requirements, Red Hat, Ubuntu and Novell’s SUSE based OS are being taken into consideration. Indeed the training motivates the employees as well as raises their confidence in using the software to meet the requirements. RedHat: In terms of trained professionals and certified training program, Red hat tops other Linux distributions. RedHat training centers are spread across the globe and

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Social-Reinforcement Field Observation using CBAS CODING SHEET Coursework

Social-Reinforcement Field Observation using CBAS CODING SHEET - Coursework Example The instructor did not give any specific negative reinforcement either. However, on six instances, the instructor gave general positive reinforcements, during which the observer encouraged generally desirable behavior from the participants. Again there were no instances of general negative reinforcements.On two occasions, the instructor provided specific technical instructions to individual members. The instructor also provided a total of 34 general technical instructions to the class, representing 74% of the instructor’s total actions during the session. At no point during the observed session did the instructor act to correct undesirable behavior or breach of discipline among the members, as described in the CBAS coding sheet as keeping control. The instructor acted to organize the participants four times during the session by giving instructions relating to their positioning or organization of the class area. Therefore, the most frequently observed behavior was general technical instructions. This is as would be expected from a gym class, where the participants are only required to follow the instructions of the instructor. Conversely, the least observed behavior was specific reinforcement, both positive and negative, and also general negative reinforcement. The lack of general negative reinforcement is because the success of the gym class relies on the enthusiastic contribution of the participants, and therefore the instructor would not be required to highlight or punish undesirable behavior of the whole group, as this could easily demotivate the group. The ratio of positive to negative reinforcements was zero, since there were neither positive nor negative reinforcements during the session. However, the ratio of specific technical reinforcements to general technical reinforcements was 2:34, suggesting that the instructor paid much more attention to the activities of

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Innocent Drinks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innocent Drinks - Case Study Example They had a never give up attitude which helped them to not feel low as soon as they hit an unwanted hindrance during the course of the setting up of their company, right from getting manufacturers to thinking of innovation in the field of providing fresh juices to their customers. Thus, these aspects helped the company to grow, develop and reach success. Expansion and diversification is always the key aspects of helping any enterprise to grow and develop and reach new heights in terms of revenue and sales. Thus, expansion of Innocent Drinks into Europe and U.S seems to be an excellent idea for the company. However, according to the facts presented, except for France, Netherlands and Belgium, the rest of Europe was not helping the company meet a wider range of success. In other countries like Italy, Germany, Sweden and Denmark, the company was not really doing well because of a number of reasons with respect to the beverage. The main reason was that these juices had a longer shelf lif e in these countries; however, these countries already had an established smoothie base, which meant that Innocent Drinks had to beat out a lot of competition in order to set itself or stabilise itself in the region. This was proving to be very difficult for the company, and was leading to marginal or no profit at all, and thus, it is a step that could have been avoided. Instead of France, Netherlands and Belgium, the company should stop selling to the rest of Europe because of negligible returns. The U.S on the other hand, was a much safer and stronger option to expand into, for the company. This was because smoothies as a product were already quite well known and received in the market by the people; thus there was no problem in the demand. For the supply as well, the founders went ahead and established contacts with some leading manufacturers and suppliers in order to set up shop. However, the only problem was beating the tough competition that already persisted in the smoothie m arket. In keeping with the introduction of new combinations of products under the Innocent brand, into different countries and continents, a very bold move was made by the company. Despite the bottlenecks in the business, in my opinion, the company should go ahead with producing and selling ice creams and other such dairy related products in the US and Europe, because both these areas have a high acceptance of such products, and the company can begin by banking on its already established brand name for help. At the time of the case, the company could be valued for a sum of 3 million lira pounds according to a personal opinion, in keeping with the figures that have been presented in the facts. However, despite this, the company should not consider a purchase offer at such a crucial time because this is the main span of its phase of growth and development. This is the time when the company can acquire more and more of the market share and set up a better consumer base. This is also th e time of proper growth and expansion, not to forget penetration into the market. Thus, if the company lost that value of having to grow and develop on their own, and considered a purchase offer at such an early stage, then it would lose its momentum eventually and finally, its value as well. One of the main complications faced by the founders was of whether or not to alter the management structure within the business. According to a pers

Monday, July 22, 2019

Uses and abuse of drugs Essay Example for Free

Uses and abuse of drugs Essay Many people do not understand why or how other people become addicted to drugs. Substance abuse is a growing problem that not only affects the person who is abusing alcohol or drugs but also affects the lives of those who are close to the abuser. Substance abuse is the abuse of any substance. A drug is a substance that modifies one or more of the body functions when it is consumed. It is often mistakenly assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their behavior. In reality, drug addiction is a disease and quitting takes a lot more than Just changing your behavior. Drug Abuse is generally defined as the use of a drug with such frequency that the user has a physical or mental harm or it impairs social abilities. The substances that are discussed in this report are called psychoactive drugs; those drugs that Influence or alter the workings of the mind, affect moods, emotions, feelings, and thinking processes. Substances drugs affect the brain, heart, liver, lungs and also the people around you. When drugs get into the bloodstream they are carried to all parts of the body and some reach the brain. In fact, drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuse, quitting is more difficult than it appears. The quicker the drug reaches the brain, the more intense the effects. The quickest way to get a drug into the brain, and also the most dangerous way of using any drug is to injecting into the vein. Injecting into the vein Is almost as quick as smoking a drug, followed by sniffing or snorting and then by mouth. Eating or drinking a drug Is the slowest route, because the drug has to pass through the stomach first. Drugs are generally categorized into two groups, stimulants and depressants. Stimulants are drugs that peed up signals through the nervous system. They produce alertness, arousal and excitability. They also Inhibit fatigue and sleep. Everything from over-the-counter pain medication, prescriptions drugs such as,, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and even coffee can abused In one way or another. The two man substances being abused In our nation are nicotine and alcohol. How does nicotine addiction work? Basically, when you smoke your first cigarettes, when you arent addicted yet, you get a head-rush which Is caused by the nicotine. In your brain there are nicotine receptors which arent used to the nicotine In a cigarette. Over time, the nicotine receptors get used to the amount of nicotine so they can cope with the nicotine. So when this nicotine stops being given to the receptors (when you give up smoking) they panic and cause you to feel unhappy and angry. When you smoke, the nicotine receptors send out messages to other parts of the brain which release a drug called dopamine which makes you feel happy, satisfied, relaxed. When you try to quit, or when you fancy a cigarette your dopamine levels are going down and you start to feel unhappy, aggressive, unsatisfied. Most smokers dont know that they are addicted to nicotine until they try to stop smoking completely they Just think that they Like smoking. The answer to your question Is that you will have a moderate nicotine addiction, and quitting wont be that hard. The signs of a severe nicotine addiction are needing to smoke a cigarette every 2 hours, having one as soon as you wake In night). Nicotine increases the levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain, activating the pleasure pathways in the same way other addictive drugs do. After the effects (calmness, sense of well-being) disappear, the smoker craves more. Why is alcohol addictive? Basically because alcohol, like nicotine and heroin and other substances stimulates the reward response in your brain. You have a drink, the brain rewards itself with a surge of chemicals and hormones that it really likes, and therefore the more you stimulate it, the more it wants. Some people are more susceptible than others in that their reward responses are stronger which is why some people will get addicted to things more easily than other people will. If you add to that a troubled background of some sort, then when the brain offers its reward response though making that person feels calmer and happier or more in control, hey are more likely than someone who is pretty happy. Alcohol is made of ethanol, it is a depressant, your body becomes addictive to the depressant effects and you eventually need it to stop the shakes (delirium tremors) and the withdrawals of the depressant effects on the brain and body. For example, caffeine is a stimulant, and people become addicted to that and when having caffeine withdrawals one has headaches and other neurological effects. However, alcohol is a lot more dangerous because if you are a hardcore not only can you die from drinking, if you stop cold turkey you can have convulsions and die from withdrawals. The addictive substance is ethanol. When you are pregnant, it is important that you watch what you put into your body. Consumption of illegal drugs is not safe for the unborn baby or for the mother. Studies have shown that consumption of illegal drugs during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, low birth weight, premature labor, placental abruptest, fetal death, and even maternal death. If its suspected that woman whose pregnant is using drugs they will test the baby to see if its born addicted, yes it is possible to see if the baby is addicted even before he/she is born.

Design Of A Sulfuric Acid Production Plant Engineering Essay

Design Of A Sulfuric Acid Production Plant Engineering Essay This project is prepared according to the requirements of chemical engineering department, and its also a preliminary study of sulfuric acid production plant. The project begins with chapter one which includes introduction, definition of sulfuric acid and shows the main uses of sulfuric acid which have made it an important chemical in the world, followed by chapter two which talks about literature, market survey and the history and current processes for production the sulfuric acid also it gives small glimpse of the prices trends of the raw material and product. That is followed by description for various processes to produce sulfuric acid in chapter three, which ends with the selection of the best process which is the double contact process; the description and flow sheet of the selected process are discussed in chapter four. Material and energy balance results are listed in chapter five and the location of the plant is selected in chapter six by comparing different locations, and the best location for the plant (as its set in this report) is Aqaba city. . Finally, material and energy balance details are discussed in the appendix, that includes the used charts and references. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definition Sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is a clear, colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is very corrosive. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry. There are another names for sulfuric acid, it is sometimes called oil of vitriol.1 Its chemical formula is Figure (1.1.1): Sulfuric Acid Formula1 1.2 Physical and Chemical properties This table shows the main chemical and physical properties of sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid IUPAC Oil of vitriol Other name H2O4S Molecular formula 98.08 g molà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Molar mass Clear, colorless, odorless liquid Appearances 1.84 g/cm3, liquid Density 10  Ã‚ °C, 283  K, 50  Ã‚ °F Melting point 337  Ã‚ °C, 610  K, 639  Ã‚ °F Boiling point Miscible Solubility in water à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3 Acidity(pka) pungent odor Odor Non-flammable Flash point 26.7 cP (20  °C) Viscosity 0.3 Ph Table (1.2.1): physical properties1 1.3 Application and Uses Sulfuric acid is a very important chemical commodity, and indeed, a nations sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. It is used as electrolyte in lead-acid batteries (accumulators) . It is important in the production of fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate (sulfate of ammonia), (NH4)2SO4, and superphosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2, which is formed when rock phosphate is treated with sulfuric acid. It is used to remove oxides from iron and steel before galvanising or electroplating . Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a dehydrating agent, that is, to remove water, since it has a tendency to form hydrates such as H2SO4.H2O, H2SO4.2H2O. Sulfuric acid is used in the production of nitroglycerine, an inorganic ester organic nitrate, which is used as an explosive. It is used in petroleum refining to wash impurities out of gasoline and other refinery products. It is used in manufacturing of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, ether, plastics, metal sulfates, cellophane, dyes, drugs, perfumes, disinfectants and even glue.1 This chart shows the distribution of using sulfuric acid Figure (1.3.1): Sulfuric Acid Distribution.1 Specification of raw materials sulfur, S, 16 Name, symbol, number 32.065g ·molà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Standard atomic weight Yellow colored lumps, crystals, powder, or formed shape Appearances Lumps 75-115 lbs./ft3 Powder 33-80 lbs./ft3 Bulk Density 388.36  K,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡115.21  Ã‚ °C,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡239.38  Ã‚ °F Melting point 717.8  K,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡444.6  Ã‚ °C,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡832.3  Ã‚ °F Boiling point Insoluble Solubility In Water Solid Physical State 1.819 g ·cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3 Liquid density at maps. Table (1.3.1): Physical Chemical Properties of Sulfur.1 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE AND MARKET SURVEY 2.1 History and Current processes The discovery of sulfuric acid is credited to the 8th century chemist and alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber). The acid was later studied by 9th century Persian physician and alchemist Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes), who obtained the substance by dry distillation of minerals including iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4 ·7H2O, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4 ·5H2O. When heated, these compounds decompose to iron(II) oxide and copper(II) oxide, respectively, giving off water and sulfur trioxide, which combine to produce a dilute solution of sulfuric acid. 1 This method was popularized in Europe through translations of Arabic and Persian treatises, as well as books by European alchemists, such as the 13th-century German Albertus Magnus.1 There are two major processes (lead chamber and contact) for production of sulfuric acid and it is available commercially in a number of grades and concentrations. The lead chamber process, the older of the two processes, is used to produce much of the acid used to make fertilizers; it produces a relatively dilute acid (62%-78% H2SO4). The contact process produces a purer, more concentrated acid but requires purer raw materials and the use of expensive catalysts. n both processes sulfur dioxide is oxidized and dissolved in water. The sulfur dioxide is obtained by burning sulfur, by burning pyrites (iron sulfides), by roasting nonferrous sulfide ores preparatory to smelting, or by burning hydrogen sulfide gas. Some sulfuric acid is also made from ferrous sulfate waste solutions from pickling iron and steel and from waste acid sludge from oil refineries. 1 2.2 Supply and Demand This table shows the production rates of sulfuric acid (in metric tones) in some countries at different years. Production of sulfuric acid in metric tones Year country 1994 1997 2000 2006 France 2227 2242 2269 1755 Germany 3380 3496 4898 4595 Greece 360 675 688 815 Italy 1228 1590 1043 1616 Spain 2348 2810 2418 3500 United kingdom 1225 1205 1058 447 Sweden 518 630 629 1010 Table (2.2.1): Production Rates of Sulfuric Acid.3 This table shows the production and sales amounts of sulfuric acid and the consumption rate of sulfur in Jordan from 2000 to 2005, these amounts in (ton/year). Sulfur consumption (ton/tear) Ù Sulfuric acid Year Sales (ton/year) Production (ton/year) 370925 43824 1108605 2000 309816 46614 919548 2001 351011 43307 1055208 2002 265865 51445 961208 2003 364301 49661 1102899 2004 346345 48323 1046540 2005 Table (2.2.2)Jordan Production, Sales and Raw Material Consumption.5 2.3 Prices trends of the raw material and product The global sulfuric acid market experienced an unprecedented rise and fall in pricing between fall 2007 and spring 2009. Consumption of sulfuric acid for fertilizers fell steeply in the second half of 2008 due to the collapse in the global economy. The second half of 2009 is expected to experience almost flat to slightly positive growth, anticipating the improvement in market conditions in 2010. Trade is expected to fall globally, except for Southeast Asia, which would continue to depend on imports. As of early spring 2009, the market is continuing to deteriorate as the supply shortage situation has been replaced by product oversupply in almost all regions. And the world sulfuric acid supply trends are shown in the following chart. Figure (2.3.1): World Sulfuric Acid Supply.2 CHAPTER THREE PROCESS SELECTION Process Selection Sulfuric acid is an important raw material used in many industrial processes, such as phosphate fertilizer production and to a much lesser extent for nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, sulfuric acid is produced by catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, which is subsequently absorbed in water to form sulfuric acid. There are no major variations of commercial interests on this mentioned chemistry. There are alternatives as to source of Sulfur dioxide and method of conversion to sulfur trioxide. The two most common methods for the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid are: 1. Lead Chamber Process. 2. Contact Process 3.1 Lead Chamber Process This is an old process and was introduced in Europe in near the middle of 18th century, its used to produce much of the acid used to make fertilizers; it produces a- relatively dilute acid (62%-78% H2SO4).The classic lead chamber process consists of three stages: Glover tower, lead chambers and Guy-Lussac Tower. In this method hot sulfuric dioxide gas enters the bottom of the reactor called a Glover tower where it is washed with nitrous vitriol (sulfuric acid with nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, dissolved in it) and mixed with nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide gases. The Glover tower serves two functions: concentration of the chamber acid and stripping of nitrogen oxides from the liquid to the gas. Concentration of the chamber acid (62% to 68% H2SO4) is achieved by the hot gases entering the tower which evaporate water from the acid. Some of the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide and dissolved in the acid wash to form tower acid or Glover acid (about 78% H2SO4). The dissolved nitrogen oxides are stripped from the acid and carried with the gas out of the Glover tower into the lead chambers. From the acid tower a mixture of gases (including sulfur dioxide and trioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen, oxygen, and steam) is transferred to a lead-lined chamber where it is reacted with more water. Sulfuric acid is formed by a complex series of reactions; it condenses on the walls and collects on the floor of the chamber. There may be from three to twelve chambers in a series. The acid produced in the chambers, often called chamber acid or fertilizer acid, contains 62% to 68% H2SO4. After the gases have passed through the chambers they are passed into a reactor called the Gay-Lussac tower where they are washed with cooled concentrated acid (from the acid tower); the nitrogen oxides and unreacted sulfur dioxide dissolve in the acid to form the nitrous vitriol used in the acid tower. Remaining waste gases are usually discharged into the atmosphere. Product acid at a concentration of 78% H2SO4  is drawn from the cooled acid stream that is circulated from the Glover tower to the Guy-Lussac tower.   Nitrogen losses are made up with nitric acid which is added to the Glover tower. The major disadvantage includes the limitations in throughput, quality and concentration of the acid produced, also the environmental pollution. Figure (3.1.1): Typical process flow sheet for the lead Chamber. 3.2 Contact Process Because of economic reasons Contact plants are widely used compared to the lead plants, they are classified according to the raw materials charged to them: elemental Sulfur burning, spent sulfuric acid and hydrogen sulfide burning, and metal sulfide ores and smelter gas burning. The contributions from these plants to the total acid production are 81, 8, and 11 percent, respectively. The contact process incorporates three basic operations (stages), each of which corresponds to a distinct chemical reaction. First, elemental sulfur is received in a solid form containing various impurities. The sulfur is melted in the sulfur melter in the presence of hydrated lime which neutralizes any acidity present in the sulfur. This neutralization prevents problems of acid corrosion which would otherwise be encountered. Heat for the melting of the sulfur is supplied from steam coils. The molten sulfur is kept agitated to improve heat transfer, to prevent solids settling on the bottom of the sulfur pits and to prevent a crust forming on top. The dirty sulfur is filtered to remove impurities present and after filtering is transferred to the clean sulfur pit where it is kept molten until it is pumped to the burner. Molten sulfur at a temperature of 130 °C is sprayed into the burner in the presence of warm, dry air. The sulfur burns, forming sulfur dioxide S + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   SO2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -300 kJ mol-1 The resulting sulfur dioxide is fed to a process unit called a converter, where it is catalytically oxidized to sulfur trioxide (SO3): 2SO2 + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2SO3 ΆH = -100 kJ mol-1 Its apparent that the equation gives a decrease in volume; this reaction would be aided by pressure. High conversions are however, obtainable with catalysts at 400 to 500oC with a small excess of oxygen and the use of pressure. The available methods to maximize the formation of SO3: As this is an exothermic process, a decrease in temperature by removal of the heat will favour the formation of SO3. Increased oxygen concentration. SO3 removal (as in the case of the double absorption process). Increased pressure. Catalyst selection, to reduce the working temperature (equilibrium). Longer reaction time. In the contact processes, the sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfur trioxide by the use of metal oxide catalyst, the characteristics of the used catalyst are: Porous carrier having large surface area, controlled pore size and resistance to process gases at high temperature; in pellet form if used in fixed bed and powdered form if used for fluidized bed. Ex- Alumina, silica gel, zeolites. Active catalytic agent: Preparations are generally kept secret for the competitive reasons but they usually consist of adding water soluble compounds to gels or porous substrates and firing at temperature below the sintering point. Promoter: Alkali and/or metallic compounds added in trace amounts to enhance the activity of the catalytic agent. A catalyst, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used to increase the reaction rate because its relatively immune to poisons, also because of its low initial investment and only 5% replacement per year. It is only effective above its melting point of 400  °C. The greatest conversion of SO2 to SO3 is reached by passing the gas over several catalyst beds, cooling the gas between each pass so that the reaction temperature remains between 400 and 500  °C. As can be seen the figure. The disadvantages of using the V2O5 catalyst are that it must use dilute SO2 input (7-10%), as a catalyst it is less active and requires high oxygen or sulfur dioxide to give economic conversions also it requires larger converters and thus higher initial investment. Finally, the sulfur trioxide is absorbed in to very concentrated sulfuric acid (a 98-99 percent solution of H2SO4 in water), This operation takes place in the absorbing tower where the gas travels up through the tower, counter-current to the acid falling from the top of the tower producing a thick fuming liquid called oleum, the oleum is mixed carefully with water to avoid producing fine mist of sulfuric acid that is difficult to condense and could escape to pollute the air, the sulfur trioxide in the oleum reacts with the water as follows: SO3 + H2O â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  H2SO4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -200 kJ mol-1 It is clear that the reaction is exothermic and the absorbing sulfuric acid has to be cooled continuously; the heat is available at a relatively low temperature and is not worth recovering. The efficiency of the absorption step is related to : The H2SO4 concentration of the absorbing liquid. (98.5 99.5%). The temperature range of the liquid (normally 70 -120 0C). The technique of the acid distribution. The raw gas humidity (mist passes the absorption equipment). The mist filter. The temperature of incoming gas. The co-current or countercurrent character of the gas stream in the absorbing liquid. Main disadvantages of the contact process are that concentrated acid (98%) of high purity can be produced directly and that compact plants of quite high capacity have now become rather common place. The contact process can be applied in different techniques; three of those techniques are described in the following sections 3.2.1 Single contact / single absorption process After purification and drying, the SO2 is converted to SO3 using a series of four catalyst beds, containing alkali and V2O5. Afterwards, the SO3 is absorbed in concentrated sulfuric acid and, if necessary, an oleum absorber is installed upstream. SO3 reacts with the water contained in the absorber acid to yield H2SO4. The absorber acid is kept at the desired concentration of approximately 99% w/w by addition of water or dilute H2SO4. The single contact/single absorption process is generally used for gases with an SO2 Content from 3 6 %. New single contact plants are built only for inlet gases with substantial fluctuation of the SO2 content. The investment cost of this technique is low compared to the investment cost of double contact plants. Figure (3.2.1.1): Typical process flow sheet for a single catalysis plant. 3.2.2 Double Contact/ Double Absorption Process The double contact process was implemented to develop the single contact/single absorption process. In this process a primary SO2 conversion of 85 95 % is achieved in the first catalysis stage of the converter before entry into an intermediate absorber, depending on the arrangement of the converter beds and the contact time. What makes the double contact/double absorption process more advantageous is that its ability to feed gases with higher SO2 concentrations than would be possible with the single catalysis process. Which leads to smaller gas volumes and therefore smaller equipment with comparable production capacities. This results in a considerably higher conversion rate, if the residual gas is passed through the following converter beds (usually one or two). The SO3 which is formed in the second catalysis stage is absorbed in the final absorber. In general the process uses gases with an SO2 content of 10 t o11 %. The inlet gas temperature is about 4000C. Gases with lower temperatures require reheating from 50 to 4000C. This is usually carried out with recovered heats from the conversion process. Operating the double contact process at an elevated pressure of 5 bar increases the conversion rate by shifting the conversion equilibrium and favouring the formation of SO3. The disadvantages are higher electricity consumption and, at the same time, less steam production. Higher NOx emissions are caused by higher sulfur combustion temperatures (18000C), but savings of 10 -17 % on investment costs are gained. Figure 3.2.2.1: Typical process flow sheet for a sulfur burning double catalysis plant. 3.2.3 Wet catalysis process The wet catalysis process is applicable to wet SO2 gases. The potential for the formation of sulfuric acid mist might require tail gas treatment. Wet SO2 gases (eg. from the burning of H2S gases or from the catalytic conversion of H2S gases) are directly supplied into the contact tower without previous drying. SO3 formed by the catalytic conversion immediately reacts with the moisture of the gases, thereby forming the acetic acid. The sulfuric acid is condensed in a condenser installed after the contact tower. Factors Sulfuric Acid Production By Lead Chamber process Sulfuric Acid Production By single contact/single absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By double contact/double absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By Wet Catalysis process Health and safety hazards involved Less safe, waste gases are discharged to the atmosphere Less amount of SO3 is absorbed so the rest is discharged to the atmosphere A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed Operating cost High operating cost Less operating The least operating cost Less operating cost Raw material SO2, NO, NO2, O2, H2O. Melted sulfur, O2, SO2, SO3. Melted sulfur, H2O, O2, SO2, SO3. Wet SO2 gases, H2S, O2, SO3. Waste products and by products Exhaust gases are discharged to the atmosphere Large amounts of SO2 gas are discharged to the atmosphere Less amounts of SO2 gas are discharged to the atmosphere, less heat released after each successive catalyst bed. A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed Equipment Acid Tower (Glover Tower), Lead Chambers, Reactor (Gay-lussac Tower) Air dryer, burner, waste heat boiler, converter, single absorption column. Air dryer, burner, waste heat boiler, converter, intermediate and external absorption column. Burner, convertor, acid tower. Yield Yields 78% H2SO4 New plants achieve 98 to99 % conversion rates Yields about 98% Yields 70 to 80 % H2SO4   Environmental pollution More gases are discharged to the atmosphere More gases discharged to the atmosphere Less gases discharged to the atmosphere More gases are discharger to the atmosphere Purity of products Low purity Low purity High purity Low purity Table (3.2.1): Process selection Factors Sulfuric Acid Production By Lead Chamber process Sulfuric Acid Production By single contact/single absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By double contact/double absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By Wet Catalysis process Health and safety hazards involved 5 5 5 3 Operating cost 6 4 7 5 Raw material 6 5 7 5 Waste products and by products 6 6 7 5 Equipment 7 5 8 6 Yield 5 6 7 9 Environmental pollution 5 5 6 4 Purity of products 6 5 7 9 Total (80) 46 41 54 46 Table (3.2.2): Process Selection According to the discussion and the data presented above we choose the Double Contact/Double Absorption process. CHAPTER FOUR PROCESS DISCRIPTION 4.1 Production of H2SO4 by double contact process The process begins in the burner, in which the melt sulfur is pumped to the burner where it is burnt in an excess of dry air. The gas exiting the burner is maintained at (8 9%v/v) sulfur dioxide and approximately 830 °C due to the heat produced by the exothermic reaction. Sulfurs on burning gives about one third of heat combustion of coal ,and this heat raises the temperature of combustion gases roughly in accordance with the figure (4.1.1) as shown. Figure (4.1.1): Theoretical Flame Temperature.8 This heat is high in temperature and there is plenty of it, consequently it is worth utilizing and the hot gases are led across pipes through which the water passes. The water is heated, steam is raised and the gases are cooled. The sulfur dioxide/air gas mixture is then passed through the stream to converter. The sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfur trioxide by reacting with oxygen over a catalyst. This reaction is described by the equation: 2SO2 + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2SO3 ΆH = -100 kJ mol-1 This reaction occurs in the converter, a four-stage reaction vessel with each stage consisting of a solid catalyst bed through which the gas is passed. The catalyst used is vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), and potassium sulphate dispersed on a silica base which forms a porous support, giving a large surface area for reaction. This reaction is exothermic and its equilibrium constant decreases with increasing temperature (Le Chatelier.s Principle). Figure (4.1.2) shows the percentage conversion of SO2 to SO3 that would be reached at an SO2 concentration of 8% v/v and a range of gas temperatures. However, the reaction rate is also temperature dependent, so that if the temperature becomes too low the equilibrium point will not be reached. In practice, the gas temperature must be maintained between (400 500 °C) to maintain a high reaction rate and also high conversion equilibrium. As the reaction is exothermic, heat is generated across each of the catalyst beds. This heat must be removed between each stage to maintain the optimum reaction temperature into the following stage. The temperature rise through each catalyst bed and the inter-stage cooling is shown in Figure (4.1.2). Figure (4.1.2): The Temperature Rise Through Beds.7 The gas after passing through three catalyst bed goes to the first absorption tower where the Sulfur trioxide is removed. The gas is then reheated to about 420 C, passed through the fourth catalyst bed, then cooled and sent to a second absorption tower. The gas mixture goes to the first and second absorption tower, a packed tower where SO3 is absorbed into a counter-current flow of 98 99% sulfuric acid. The overall reaction can be described by the following equation, where sulfur trioxide reacts with the free water to produce sulfuric acid: SO3 + H2O â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  H2SO4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -200 kJ mol-1 The circulating sulfuric acid must be maintained at about 98% concentration and temperature is controlled in the desired rang of (70 °C_90 °C) to maximize the absorption efficiency. The acid strength is important because the vapor pressure of sulfur trioxide above sulfuric acid is at a minimum at an acid strength of 98% (see Figure (4.1. 3)). At higher concentrations the increased vapor pressure is caused by SO3 and at lower concentrations the water vapor pressure increases sharply and the resultant acid mist is not readily re-absorbed and escapes to the atmosphere. A stream of sulfuric acid is continuously bled off and cooled through a plate heat exchanger before being passed into the storage tanks. Figure (4.1.3): Relation Between Vapor Pressure and Concentration.7 Figure (4.1.4) : Flow Sheet CHAPTER FIVE ENERGY AND MASS BALANCE 5.1 MASS BALANCE *Drier: Components Amount % H20 1.27 1.3 O2 21.12 23 N2 69.4 75.7 Temperature 25C pressure 1 atm M1 M2 Components Amount % H2SO4 39.4 98 H2O 0.8 2 Temperature 150C pressure 1 atm M3 Components Amount % O2 21.12 23.3 N2 69.4 76.7 Temperature 25C pressure 1 atm M4 Components Amount % H2SO4 39.42 95 H2O 2.1 5 Temperature 150C pressure 1 atm *Burner: M3 Components Amount % O2 21.12 23.3 N2 69.4 76.7 Temperature 26C pressure 1 atm M5 Components Amount % S 3.76 100 Components Amount % SO2 28.16 29 O2 7.04 7 N2 69.4 64 Temperature 830C pressure 1 atm   M6 *Converter: M6 Components Amount % SO2 28.16 29 O2 7.04 7 N2 69.4 64 Temperature 400C pressure 1 atm M7 Components Amount % O2 2.11 2 N2 69.44 66 SO2 8.45 8 SO3 24.64 24 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M8 Components Amount % SO2 26.72 26 O2 1.69 1.6 N2 69.44 66.4 SO3 26.72 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M9 Components Amount % SO2 0.314 6 O2 0.0768 1.5 N2 3.47 66.5 SO3 1.36 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M10 Components Amount % SO2 0.314 6 O2 0.0768 1.5 N2 3.47 66.5 SO3 1.36 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M11 Components Amount % SO2 6.08 6 O2 1.54 6 N2 65.97 66.5 SO3 25.84 26 Temperature

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Evaluating Value Congruence in the Work Place

Evaluating Value Congruence in the Work Place Abstract This study re-examined the impact of personal and organizational values congruency on positive work outcomes and investigated the extent to which this relationship is affected by demographic variables. Data collection was used to validate those findings, lending additional credibility to the continuing importance of this phenomenon. Both personal values congruence and organizational values clarity were significantly related to commitment, satisfaction, motivation, anxiety, work stress, and ethics using a cross-sectional sample of managers from across the same organization set up. Gender, educational level, and functional area did not impact these relationships, although years of experience did make a difference to the finding on the final research processes being done. The term value congruence is generally intuitive when there is a match between employee and organization value systems, positive outcomes will result if the work ethics is put into order. This article will explain the benefits of value congruence, and show you how you can put value congruence to work in your organization. Introduction Acording to (Schein 2004 pg 535) Values are a critical elements of the organistional culture and leadership impacting both individual and organisational perfomance; it is tenadertively radicle that an organisation succeed in the global competetive arena without coherency of core values. Subatntiating on performance, brought about by advancement and tecchnolically advancement, professional networking and gglobolizatin mosst organisations require to cordinate to acquire relevant amrket share, customer demand for quick and quality services has imlicated how organistions does busness. With these essence each company creates and potrays it image and gudge by the customer on value received. Watson et al (2004) also argues that value congruence model is predominant research approach to the idead of personal and organisational fit. In the merit of values companys essential should absorb the banding concept and analyse judgement of want customers in the target market view them and impacts to the society. Customers rate sevices depending with the moment of truth when they purchase and consume a product or service. At such a juncture, customer-employee relations become a vital element for longterm benfit for both parties. On the othe hand (Barry Z Posner pg 536) relents that values are so deep seated tha nobody actually see values themselve manifest in opinions, desires fears and ttitudes whileenvisaged as pesonal, professional, organisational or societal. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Reseach questions What effect does value congruence has in an organisation? How do values congrunce impact the cutomer-employee relations What are values congruence positive outcomes Both individuals and organizations have value systems that dictate their attitudes, behaviors, and the ways in which they allocate resources. Value congruence occurs when the value system of an employee coincides with the value system of an organization. Job satisfaction is a positive emotional experience associated with ones job. Satisfied employees are more productive and experience less stress than their employers. Organizational identification (branding) derives from an employees sense of belonging to the organization. Employees who feel like they belong are likely to be more committed to the organization, more productive, and more likely to engage in extra role behaviors helping behaviors that go above and beyond the duties of an employees position. Intent to stay is an employees intent to remain with the organization over some period of time. Intent to stay is contingent upon both job satisfaction and organizational identification. Although the link between value congruence and positive organizational outcomes has been firmly established, until recently it was not clear why this process takes place. Rather than directly causing positive outcomes, value congruence primarily leads to positive outcomes through the enhancement of communication and trust between the organization and the employee. (Impact of value congruence on customer employee-relations)Value Congruence affects Positive Outcomes Globaisation has widened up business transactions around the world, transfrer of skills and mixture on human cultural and socail attivities plays a major role at organisation operational leves.Demand for quality skill by employers and higher renumeration by emloyees inpacts to the product and service development to the customer. Motivtion quality trainings and retreats specifically with clear job descriptons negates perfomance in orgnisation. However, organsaitional politics and environmental policies might cause indifference among employess. Relaibility and cosistency on professionalism critically vandalised the basic approach to achieve organisation goals. Most employees perormance can be based on many years of experience and values e.g communication skills, analytical skills and interpersonal skills which constitute ability to achieve organisational targets and improve shareholder value.,At atermost moments training and skill addition by employees canbe consistently high at the ex pense of the employer, However in a similar study by Berlin Erogam Robert Linden (2004) argues that both private and public organisation exeriences financial dificulties thus find it hard pay employees achieve career in terms of increases in terms of pay or upward movement in the hierachy.this is critica as most of organisation companies are facing challenges e.g inflation rates, global warming and economical challenges When the value congruence between an employee and the organization is high, there tends to be high levels of trust and communication between the two parties. In many cases employees will show positive results when they receive managers boost and motivation which is practically how one manager develops a good rapport with the general employees. Ones values is determined by how one approaches his or her work. A good employee always (what determine perfomance is the level of customer satistfaction and motivation) makes sure that his or her performance at work is excellence. But contrary to normal work some employees need to be pushed in order to do the right thing. This entirely depends in ones attitude towards the job or the administration of that organization.(this document relates to organization outcome/Evaluate) It is paramount (this word means otherwise in relation to the pargraph) for any organization to find value addition to their work and also ways to motivate their employees in order to achieve positive results for their company.(is this a recommendation or suggestion) Values have been associated with job satisfaction, organizational commitment, flexibility to accept changes whenever it is instilled to an organization, job performance which is a replica of the effort being applied. (Crollick, 2004)-refrence and page Vibrantly organisation requires or must comprehensive reseach and embrace organisation culture ie internal gap bridging in basing communication elements, trainings, runmeration and capcity building) It is important to know (who to know) the role of values (what is the role of vlues or wat values) in the growth of the organization so that strategic solution is set to meticate any side factor which arises if such values are not placed in their right place. Values are the core of who really people are, thus if you master their needs at work place and fulfill them without struggle then definitely you will have passed the first hurdle towards work satisfaction. Some of the most critical decisions made by a manager determine the relationship between customers and the employees.(the lelement of roles and responsibilty in decision making, organisation structure) Good manager(is this a one mans task?) impacts positive virtues to the employees which lead to positive outcome at end. Values are moderate tests that show the general flow of growth and development of an organizational set up and a determinant for a company to measure success and profitability level over a given period of time, usually it is an annual forecast for any organization to carry out their internal assess of their performance. (Should be at introduction) paragraphs shoul be short and pricise This depends on the kind of working conditions given the resources are equitable to the kind of work an organization is doing. Managers acts as the planners and value setters thus the employees are just the final implementers of what is supposed to be done to meet their respective targets. (These require proof so quote at list an author and bring in the agument element of study) Practical Implications In various parts, ethnic orientations play a major rloe and afects employee relationsValue congruence (is about competency within the organisation and creates a strong corporate image, win market share through strardized positioning and quality diffrentiation. It also builds stakeholder value-prctical: profitality via archievd targets, trainings, good pay, education sponsorship, employees retreats, engaging in professional bodies) can be utilized to increase positive outcomes such as job satisfaction,(its not about employees rather customer satisfaction: also require a quote) identification with the organization, and intent to stay with the organization. There are several strategies that managers can use to maximize positive outcomes (VERILY REPEATED) that result from value congruence. Value congruence can be addressed during the hiring process (How? Then should have touch on Job discription). Match applicant value profiles with those of the organization in order to select employees with good value fit to the organization. Socialize new employees toward the cultural values of the organization.   Incorporate organizational values into new employee training and reinforce them throughout the on boarding period the extended process of assimilating new members into the organization. For current employees, focus on strategies(which strategies?) that directly impact trust and communication: Increase trust by being honest with employees about organizational and supervisor decision-making processes, ensuring that processes such as performance appraisal and distribution of resources are perceived as fair(reference pg 6-above first paragraph). Increase the benefits that result from good communication by ensuring frequent and open communication between management and employees, and among employees themselves. (Require quote from the scholars/refrence) Value congruence ACT as a concept for organisation growth in a competetive environment calls for exhobiarnt skills that should be adopted at the job interviews, internships etc) Throughout various stages (like? Be specific?) of employment, value congruence is a useful concept that managers can leverage to improve positive outcomes for both the organization and employees alike. When the values represent different organizational units, value level can be determine the extent to which a successful merger (this means different) can take place between the units Similar effects can demonstrated when comparisons are made between the values of an organization and those of its members. In such cases, value level has been found to indicate overall happiness and satisfaction with the organization. It has also been significantly correlated with employee performance, commitment intention to remain with the organization, and actual turnover increases. When the values being considered are those of potential employees or applicants, evidence suggests that congruence with the values of an organization will influence whether individuals choose to join that particular organization for the better output capacity. Therefore, this issue has relevance for research on the broader issue of an individuals fit with an organization. Additional processes can be examined by comparing values or sets of values across different time periods. Because an organizations culture is reflected in the collective values of its employees cultural change can be assessed when unit or organizational values are compared across two or more points in time.(inter departmental competiveness) Furthermore, when values at each of these points are compared with the values of potential agents of such change e.g., having new management, a different generation of employees, etc. the locus of change can also be investigated. Similar issues can be explored at the individual level. That is by comparing the values of employees across different points in time can indicate their degree of socialization. As with organizational values, sources of socialization can be examined by comparing employee values at these points with the values of potential socializing agents. (Cooper, 2007) (change and change reistance) It is also appropriate to compare values or sets of values between individuals. Research has shown that value congruence between employees and their supervisors is significantly related to employee satisfaction and commitment ratings of employees, and supervisors consideration, success, and competence. Interpersonal value congruence is even thought to be an important factor in determining whether peoples lives will be altered by chance encounters with other Despite its wide applicability, there is a surprising absence of research on how value congruence should be conceptualized and measured. The present study examined a number of such issues not previously addressed in this literature. Some have used unsquared indexes, whereas others have used squared indexes. Each of these approaches makes a different assumption about the dynamics of interaction. An unsquared index assumes that a unit difference in values is equally influential regardless of the overall level of value difference. A squared index gives greater proportional weight to large unit value differences and is consistent with a theory that assumes that individuals dislike large discrepancies between expectation and occurrence, but actually react positively to small discrepancies of this type. A final issue that has not been treated in previous value studies is the potential for spurious association inherent in certain indexes of value congruence. Johns points out that the type of indexes used to measure value congruence can be highly correlated with their component value measures. Thus, an index of value congruence between a supervisor and a subordinate e.g., subordinates value score minus supervisors value score could be highly correlated with the subordinates value score. Given such a high correlation, if the index was related to subordinate satisfaction, it would not be clear whether this relationship was attributable to the effect of value congruence or the direct effect of the subordinates value level. In such cases, the relationship can be clarified by statistically removing the effect of the subordinates value score from the congruence index. This study examined four major issues in the measurement of work value ethics: The effect of different methods of constructing value congruence indexes, the use of general versus specific value measures, the use of actual versus squared indexes, and the effect of correcting indexes for correlation with their component measures. Significance of Co-Worker Value Congruence The lack of research in many cases undermines the proper investigation on the subject of workers relationship with one another. Thus, increasing popularity of team based organizational structures. That is why work ethics is important for the employees to make them work in any environment which is conducive and receptive for them. These reasons in general derive from literature on group and interpersonal behavior and research on value congruence, as it is being expounded further in the work. (Asumption)The senior executives in many cases pay very little attention to the values and beliefs of lower level employees as the former incorrectly believe that peoples culture, organization culture. The findings are helpful to managers as it illustrates that organization members attach values to the organization as a whole, but also to subunits of the organization. Human resource generalists can also gain from the study findings (which studyor by who and does it apply anaway?) as it builds on the common practice of socializing new employees through planned socialization tactics. (Gray, 2005) However, there has not been any focus in the literature on whether congruence could change during individuals tenure with the organization and if certain events could alter congruence.(a recmendtion/suggestion/you view) The findings from this study suggest that value congruence is not fixed and that events perceived to change an employees sense of congruence can have behavioral implications. For a company in an industry as dynamic as commercial airlines,(is this an examlple?) understanding how events could decrease employees sense of congruence should have paramount importance. There are also implications for human resource generalists predictions for employee attrition. The findings (why arent you quoting authors if this is desk data?) supporting multiple types of value congruence indicate that employees may determine congruence based on very different criteria. In making changes to organizational characteristics, caution must be given to not altering characteristics that may be important to employees values. (Albrecht, 2010) Literature Review The following approach is used to come up with the best information in regard to this shift of events. In this approach, individuals have more positive attitudes simply because they interact with similar others, rather than because the organization or leader provides conditions that allow opportunities for value fulfillment. Although most research to date has examined the sharing of attitudes or personality characteristics, the role of value congruence in interpersonal heterogeneity may in fact be of more importance. Values may be defined as beliefs about the way an individual ought to behave. As such, values represent core beliefs about what should be done, and are related to a broad network of more specific beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes. Because values are linked to modes of behavior, individuals are better able to predict the behavior of others with whom they share values . Likewise, individuals with congruent values should have greater agreement about what behaviors are important in the workplace Ambiguity and tension associated with working together should be reduced, thus increasing satisfaction and potentially enhancing performance on routine tasks of the type under study here. It provides partial support for these proposed relationships with their findings of relationships between co-worker goal congruence and satisfaction and withdrawal behaviors. Individuals with congruent values also have a common system of communication. This tends to facilitate interactions by decreasing communication noise and reducing stimulus overload. Value congruence may also affect how often people choose to communicate with each other. (Malphurs, 2004) found that similarity in age and tenure was positively related to frequency of communication, and this effect may well extend to value congruence. Alternatively, value congruence may reduce the need for communication in the workplace. As noted earlier, it increases the predictability of the behavior of others and fosters agreement about what behaviors are important in the workplace. Increased predictability and agreement may actually decrease the need for communication in the process of task accomplishment. Value congruence may also affect interpersonal relationships through its influence on the perception of environmental cues. In a study of perception, (Williams, 2002), found that individuals work values had a significant impact on their interpretation of environmental stimuli. It is therefore likely that employees with congruent values will place similar interpretations on events in their immediate work environment. Given (relating to) the relevance of environmental cues for understanding individuals attitudes and reactions in the workplace, such shared perceptions could remove important sources of disagreement between employees and further facilitate their interpersonal interactions. Given that research has to date not found entirely consistent effects in the domain of group composition or value congruence, the presence of moderators in the relationships between congruence and work outcomes must be considered. It is essential to note that work outcomes extend beyond quantitative measures of productivity to also include performance dimensions important to the organization, such as supervisor ratings of work habits, job-related attitudes, attendance, and coming to work on time.(basing on org perfomnce) With regard to the outcomes of attitudes and withdrawal behaviors, the literature tends to be somewhat more consistent than for performance, however, much of the similarity-attraction research was performed in the short-term environment of the laboratory. In particular, for these types of outcomes, we might expect that value congruence may not have a uniform effect over time. (Dunn, 2005) Value Congruence, Work Attitudes, and Attendance One reason for this wide scope of operation is that values are relatively enduring constructs that describe good virtues of individuals as well as organizations in their own set up. Thus, depending upon the source of various value measures, their comparisons can apply to a wide variety of individual and organizational level phenomena including intra organizational power, cultural change, organizational restructuring, recruiting, socialization satisfaction, interpersonal relationships, work culture and turnover. When the values or sets of values being compared are obtained for different levels of the same organization, value congruence can indicate which organizational units posses greater amounts of power and which are most able to define the critical uncertainties for the organization on a given issue which needs to be tackled before it becomes a great problem in the future prosperity of the organization. Similar effects can demonstrate when the two collateral organizations are made between the values of an organization and those of its members. In such cases, value congruence has been found to indicate overall happiness and satisfaction with the organization. It has also been significantly correlated with employee performance, commitment intention to remain with the organization, and actual turnover. When the values being considered are those of potential employees or applicants, evidence suggests that congruence with the values of an organization will influence whether individuals choose to join that particular organization. Furthermore, it is paramount when values at each of these points are compared with the values of potential agents of such change that can be investigated. Similar issues can be explored at the individual level when the need arises. That is comparing the values of employees across different points in time can indicate their quantity of work depends on the effort and support of than whole organization. (Albrecht, 2001) As with organizational values fluctuates, it is the indicator that one area is not at par with the rest. Thus the need for mutual operation and total revamp of the organization set up so that the sources of socialization can be examined by comparing employee values at these points with the values of potential socializing agents. It requires proper measures to be undertaken in order to cope with the challenges discussed on these research paper. Conclusion The value congruence in these contents is the great determining factor to measure the level of development of an organization. Thus, unless the whole system functions together nothing good can be achieved in any organization. The future of any organization depends on very well set up plan of work which is a blue print to what each one is required to do in a span of time. For any organization that records positive growth their secret lies on the attitude they impart to their employees which includes motivation, good salary pay, conducive work environment, well set goals, achievable targets and honesty employees. Therefore, whenever there is no discrepancy always work is performed to the expectation of the employers. Value, thus value congruence is a germ which species up the positive results of an organization. The study, therefore affirms that there is a crucial need for a value congruence to determine the performance level of an organization. In that a positive results comes with the effort applied on value addition measures being mastered across the organizational set up. The emphasis is in how the value congruence in the work place is achieved using the available resources both human and financial resources which are the driving force towards the achievements of the goals.(introduction) Methodolgy The information given in these research have put it out well how the value congruence plays a major part in the development of any successful company depends entirely on the management team and all the employees working together for the betterment of their organization without any group dragging another well function body. Thus, it has sent ices on the positive virtues that are required in order to achieve the positive desired results on the organization. The exercise requires a dedicate team of employees who have positive attitude towards their work and the good relationship they have cultivated together with the senior management and the entire organization as a working entity. This is aspiring to produce best results by creating a decent work environment among their workmates. The best thing that any individual employee can over to the organization is nothing less than the expansion of the organization to create more employment to many people to improve the living standards of all people.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Essays --

The Ethics of Drug Design and Testing Victor Arce Arizona State University â€Æ' Drug Design, Testing, and Marketing The discovery of a lead pharmacophore and its subsequent testing in animals and humans has only recently taken shape thanks to the advancement in the fields of pharmacology, physiology, chemistry, and biology. Within the last 40 years, the near-linear advancement of computing power has allowed for the imaging of enzyme structures and therefore led to the ab initio calculations of structure shape and size in drug development. The recent scientific interest in biomimicry has created a new field for lead drug synthesis and treatment. The field of pharmacology is being bombarded with possible drug targets so why has the influx of drugs into the market remained relatively slow compared to all of the possible leads? The answer to that question has to do with the process by which a drug must be tested and approved before hitting markets. The process by which a treatment or a drug is studied is scientific. Figure 1- A flowchart demonstrating the process by which a drug must undergo before being marketed and regulated to the public. Figure 1 shows the process by which a drug is developed. The basis of therapies lies in the chemical, physiological understanding of disease. The study begins with a question. The question or hypothesis is based on the understanding of the human body and it’s function. The hypothesis must then be tested using reproducible methods. The compound in question is tested in vitro using a line of cells that are most relevant to the target site that the researchers are studying. For example, if you are researching a drug that could possibly target lymphomas, you would use a cell line that ... ...standard for human research ethics. The document is not legally binding to any country or entity but instead serves as a moral standard for all scientists and physicians as well as countries who want to use it as a guideline for legislation on human research in their own jurisdiction. Conducting Ethical Animal Research As seen in the first part of this paper, the use of animals in the advancement of medical knowledge can be traced back to the Romans. Galen may be one of the first historically significant scientists who used animals to further the knowledge of medicine. His vivisections led to a greater understanding of the healing process, the cardiovascular system, and digestion among other topics. By today’s standards, the vivisections that Galen carried out are seen as unethical and barbaric. The unnecessary level of pain inflicted on the animal would today be Essays -- The Ethics of Drug Design and Testing Victor Arce Arizona State University â€Æ' Drug Design, Testing, and Marketing The discovery of a lead pharmacophore and its subsequent testing in animals and humans has only recently taken shape thanks to the advancement in the fields of pharmacology, physiology, chemistry, and biology. Within the last 40 years, the near-linear advancement of computing power has allowed for the imaging of enzyme structures and therefore led to the ab initio calculations of structure shape and size in drug development. The recent scientific interest in biomimicry has created a new field for lead drug synthesis and treatment. The field of pharmacology is being bombarded with possible drug targets so why has the influx of drugs into the market remained relatively slow compared to all of the possible leads? The answer to that question has to do with the process by which a drug must be tested and approved before hitting markets. The process by which a treatment or a drug is studied is scientific. Figure 1- A flowchart demonstrating the process by which a drug must undergo before being marketed and regulated to the public. Figure 1 shows the process by which a drug is developed. The basis of therapies lies in the chemical, physiological understanding of disease. The study begins with a question. The question or hypothesis is based on the understanding of the human body and it’s function. The hypothesis must then be tested using reproducible methods. The compound in question is tested in vitro using a line of cells that are most relevant to the target site that the researchers are studying. For example, if you are researching a drug that could possibly target lymphomas, you would use a cell line that ... ...standard for human research ethics. The document is not legally binding to any country or entity but instead serves as a moral standard for all scientists and physicians as well as countries who want to use it as a guideline for legislation on human research in their own jurisdiction. Conducting Ethical Animal Research As seen in the first part of this paper, the use of animals in the advancement of medical knowledge can be traced back to the Romans. Galen may be one of the first historically significant scientists who used animals to further the knowledge of medicine. His vivisections led to a greater understanding of the healing process, the cardiovascular system, and digestion among other topics. By today’s standards, the vivisections that Galen carried out are seen as unethical and barbaric. The unnecessary level of pain inflicted on the animal would today be